Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are increasing across Europe, with cases of gonorrhoea and syphilis reaching record levels in 2023, according to new data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The findings highlight an urgent need for stronger prevention, testing, and treatment efforts across EU/EEA countries to curb the spread of infections.
Nearly 100,000 cases of gonorrhoea were reported in 2023, marking a 31% increase from 2022 and a 300% rise compared to 2014.
The infection is spreading across all demographics, including men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexual men and women. The highest rates among women were in the 20 to 24 age group, which saw a 46% increase in 2023. Among men, cases were most common in those aged 25 to 34. If untreated, gonorrhoea can lead to serious complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.
Syphilis cases also continued to climb, with over 40,000 confirmed infections reported in 29 EU/EEA countries in 2023, a 13% rise from 2022 and a 100% increase since 2014. The infection remains more prevalent among men, with seven men diagnosed for every one woman. The highest rates were recorded among men aged 25 to 34, with MSM accounting for 72% of cases. However, cases among women increased across all age groups. If left untreated, syphilis can cause long-term damage to the heart and nervous system, and congenital syphilis poses severe risks to unborn babies.
Chlamydia remains the most commonly reported bacterial STI in Europe. While its rate of increase slowed in 2023, over 230,000 cases were recorded, representing a 13% rise since 2014. The highest rates were among women aged 20 to 24.
The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in gonorrhoea is another major concern. Drug-resistant strains could render current treatments ineffective, making prevention more critical than ever. ECDC is monitoring Neisseria gonorrhoea resistance patterns and working with countries to strengthen surveillance and combat AMR.
The reasons behind the rising STI numbers remain complex. Increased testing may account for part of the surge, but other factors—including reduced condom use and an increase in sexual partners—require further investigation.
ECDC stresses the importance of consistent condom use for vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Open communication about sexual health with partners can also reduce STI transmission.
People experiencing symptoms such as pain when urinating, genital discharge, abdominal pain, ulcers, or rashes should seek testing immediately. Since many STIs can be asymptomatic, sexually active individuals—particularly those with multiple or new partners—are encouraged to get tested regularly. Early detection and treatment are crucial to preventing further transmission and long-term health complications.
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